Disease and viral infection protection system for greenhouse strawberries

\ =, ЕВПЕТРУШКИ. фо р эеРь \ 7 у — +» А ЗРА Я 99 = Ех.. 2.16. Strawberry Fruit and berry crops have long been grown in greenhouses. It is known that 200 years ago, pineapples, grapes, lemons, strawberries, and other crops were grown in the Moscow region. In the former USSR, citrus crops were grown on a truly industrial scale, and in recent years, strawberry cultivation has been developing. Unfortunately, citrus growing in Russia turned out to be underdeveloped, as it was concentrated primarily in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine. Therefore, we will consider the issues of plant protection for greenhouse strawberry plantations.

Currently, strawberries are successfully grown in the Kemerovo Region, Tatarstan, Stavropol Krai, the Moscow region, and a number of other regions. The technology is based on a two-cycle crop rotation using low-volume substrates and drip irrigation. Planting material can be of either domestic or imported origin.

Plant protection comes down to quarantine inspection of the planting material imported into the greenhouse facility and the creation of favorable conditions. Preventive treatment of plantings with fungicides, timely detection of disease outbreaks, and treatment of growing plants are necessary. Spraying flowering and fruiting plants is extremely undesirable due to a decrease in fruit set and for sanitary and hygienic reasons.

Viruses and phytoplasmas

Viral and phytoplasmal diseases of strawberries cause a decrease in the berry harvest and the yield of planting material, impair the winter hardiness of plants, and do not allow the potential of the cultivar to be realized. Diagnosis of these types of diseases is complicated by the hidden (latent) nature of the infection's development, as a result of which they occur in an asymptomatic form on most industrial cultivars, manifesting visually only during short periods of the growing season. To confirm infection with viral diseases, testing is carried out using indicator plants, for example, wild strawberry — Fragaria vesca L.

To determine certain sap-transmissible viruses, a serological diagnostic method is used. All viral and phytoplasma preservation and spread. The fungus spreads via conidia, which form repeatedly throughout the season and spread easily through the air. It survives in the form of cleistothecia on dead leaves and as mycelium on living overwintering leaves.

Control measures. Use resistant cultivars: Borovitskaya, Zenit, Zolushka, Ogonyok, Feyerverk. Prevent the loss of plant turgor due to fluctuations in temperature and air humidity. Remove severely affected plants or organs, covering them with a bag beforehand to prevent re-infection by conidia.

Among fungicides, Quadris or Strobi, Bayleton, or Topaz are applied regularly every 5-7 days. This list can be supplemented with contact preparations based on sulfur (Thiovit or Kumulus) and some biological preparations (Bactofit, Alirin-B, Planriz). 2.16.2.2. Gray mold

Harmfulness. The disease causes the greatest damage to strawberries in rainy and cool years. The fungus affects fruit set, fruits, peduncles, flowers, buds, and leaves. Rot develops strongly in damp, low-lying areas. Gray mold also causes significant damage during the transport and storage of berries. Symptoms. Softened, rapidly expanding brown spots form on the berries. Later, the berries are covered with a thick, fluffy gray coating and dry out. When peduncles are affected, brownish ring-shaped spots appear on them, resulting in the death of the green fruit set. Diffuse brown-colored necroses with a slightly noticeable dusty, grayish coating form on leaf blades and petioles. Severe damage to vegetative organs is possible in nursery beds, in greenhouses at low growing temperatures and lack of light, when plants are weakened. Fig. 193. GRAY MOLD ON A STRAWBERRY LEAF in its G (5:79) p 7 Ta 9x and r OE > and t - 5. t od 53 s E: s. I _ O O Biology of the pathogen. - The fungus is a polyphage and is dangerous for raspberries, blackberries, grapes, fruit trees, and many vegetable crops. The causative agent of the disease persists in plant residues and in the soil in the form of conidia and sclerotia.

Control measures. When establishing new plantations, use less susceptible cultivars with strong, vertically positioned peduncles, where the berries do not come into contact with the soil; use plastic film or mulching materials for covering the soil. Strawberries are planted so that the plants are well-lit, preventing overcrowding and weed infestation. With the multi-tier growing method, it is important to arrange the plants in trays or containers so that they do not shade each other. If the beds are planted in the standard way, then for cultivars with horizontally positioned peduncles (e.g., Zarya, Okskaya krasavitsa, Rodnik), cuffs made of plastic rings are used, the height of which is selected so that the berries of the plants placed in them do not touch the ground when hanging down. At the beginning of fruit set formation, clean chopped straw, pine needles, or peat can also be laid under the bushes (after harvesting, these materials are collected and destroyed).

Infection with gray mold is reduced by spraying plantings with a weak solution of potassium permanganate at the beginning of budding and after mass flowering.

For plant protection, spraying green berries with a suspension of Trichodermin has been used successfully, although this preparation is not yet registered for strawberries. In the nursery, to reduce the development of gray mold, plants are sprayed with Planriz (Beloshapkina, Bezobraznova, 2001).

Effective fungicides against gray mold include Rovral, Bayleton, Sumilex, and Fundazol. Fungicide spraying is generally carried out during the strawberry budding period and immediately after harvesting, with a repeat application two weeks later; in mother plantations and nurseries, plants are sprayed as needed without restrictions.

To reduce infection after harvesting, the aerial part of the plants is mowed and burned.