Morphological features and geographical distribution of Cuscuta lupuliformis seed

-- The seed capsules are ovoid-conical, dehiscing transversely. The seeds are obovoid, oval-angular, slightly compressed on the back and the abdomen. The apex is broad and obtuse, with a protrusion on the side at the base. The facet on the back is broad, sometimes almost straight; on the abdominal side, the facets merge into a single surface, often significantly depressed, without forming a ridge. The seed hilum is narrow, long, and obliquely positioned, located under the ledge in the center of a rather large rounded spot. The surface is pitted-punctate; near the seed hilum, it is almost smooth and matte. The color is yellow, yellowish-brown, less often brown, sometimes with a violet tint; the seed hilum is lighter, surrounded by a more intensely colored spot. Length 2.75–3.5 mm, width 2.25–3 mm, thickness 1.75–2.5 mm. It infests and affects mainly woody and shrubby species; it grows along the banks of streams and irrigation canals. Distribution: European part (central and southern regions), Caucasus, Western and Eastern Siberia, Central Asia. Toxic properties: indicated above.