Breeding methods and selection in modern livestock husbandry

Methods and principles of selection in livestock breeding

Selection and matching in livestock breeding constitute the essence of selection. Selection is the preservation of animals that are more productive and adapted to existing environmental conditions. Matching is a goal-oriented system of mating, contributing to a specific direction of breeding work and solving specific tasks of animal breeding.

Methods of breeding farm animals represent a system of animal matching, taking into account their kinship, the degree of similarity or dissimilarity, breed and species affiliation for specific zootechnical tasks.

To create new breeds and improve existing ones, it is important to know that there are classically 3 breeding methods:

• purebred breeding
• crossbreeding
• hybridization

The effectiveness of selection in livestock breeding is determined by the choice of the breeding method, the knowledge of the parameters of the selected traits, the ability to select highly productive animals and match sires to them, and, as a result, obtain new, higher-quality offspring.

Lesson goal: To study the main breeding methods, learn to select and plan matching of sires to females.

Practical assignments and pedigree analysis

Methodology. When drawing up schemes for various breeding methods, the following symbols are adopted:

• ♀ – female with an indication of the breed or breed status
• ♂ – male with an indication of the breed or breed status
• p/b; 1st degree of breed status.

Assignment 1. On the schemes below, place designations indicating purebred breeding; absorptive, introductory, reproductive, industrial crossbreeding, and hybridization.

Figure 1 – Scheme of purebred Figure 2 – Scheme

– Breed and breed status of the male Figure 3 – Scheme of introductory crossbreeding

– Breed and breed status of the female Figure 6 – Scheme of hybridization:

a) obtaining a mule;

b) obtaining a hinny

Figure 5 – Scheme of simple

Assignment 2. Using the following classic formula of a cow Anket pedigree, designate the origin of the cow using accepted abbreviations, the rows of ancestors according to Shapourzh, and the degree of kinship according to Push.

Methodology. When analyzing a pedigree, one may encounter the repetition of the name of the same animal on the maternal and paternal sides of the pedigree. This indicates that the mother and father of the proband have a common ancestor, that is, they are related to each other.

In the practice of animal breeding, there are different degrees of inbreeding that have unequal biological consequences. According to Push's classification, the degree of kinship is classified as:

When analyzing a pedigree, all rows of ancestors in which the same ancestor recurs are recorded with Roman numerals indicating the rows of ancestors in which it appears on the maternal (left) and paternal (right) sides of the pedigree. A dash is placed between the digits of the maternal and paternal rows.

If the same name appears twice on the maternal side of the pedigree and once on the paternal side, then a comma is placed between the digits indicating the rows of ancestors on the maternal side, and a dash is placed between the digits indicating the rows of ancestors on the maternal and paternal sides, or vice versa.

1-II (mother x son 1st-1st II-1 (daughter x father 1st half-sister x half-brother 1st II-II full (sister x brother) 1-1st 1-5th II-II full (sister x brother) 1st-1 5th-1 1-III (grandmother x grandson) 1st-5th III-1 (granddaughter x grandfather) 1st-1

I M. Astra 1621 O.A. Bey 6412 I

II MM Aqua 848 OM Amur 324 MO Muza 466 II

M MOM MOM OMO O Aklet 564 za 794 1333 lya bat

Assignment 3. Using the data provided below, draw and fill in the pedigree of the cow Fialka 333. Determine the presence and degree of kinship according to Shapourzh – Push.

List of ancestors of the cow Fialka 333 (3-305-7020-3.78-3.1)

M Feya red-steppe p/b 3-300-4486-3.76 O Fat red-steppe p/b E-r

MM Flyaga red-steppe p/b 5-305-4389-3.77 OM Fluger red-steppe p/b E-r

MO Osa red-steppe p/b 4-291-5328-3.80 OO Tsokol red-steppe p/b E-r

MMM Shchuka red-steppe 1st 3-303-6303-4.1 OMM Fazan red-steppe p/b E-r

MOM Astra red-steppe p/b 2-300-5840-3.71 OMM Ozon red-steppe p/b E-r

MMO Groza red-steppe p/b 7-289-5911-3.77 OMO Opal red-steppe p/b E-r

MOO Tropa red-steppe p/b 3-305-5481-3.79 OOO Ozon red-steppe p/b E-r

Assignment 4. Master the types of inbreeding and methods for calculating its coefficients.

The degree of inbreeding according to its coefficient (F) can be determined by the S. Wright method, transformed by D.A. Kislovsky using the formula:

F = 0.5 where F is the inbreeding coefficient in fractions of a unit;

n – row of ancestors along the maternal line;

n1 – line of ancestors on the paternal side.

For cow Anketa 824, the inbreeding coefficient for bull Amur 324 was:

F = 0,5 0,5³= 0,125

The results can be expressed in % by multiplying by “100”.

Depending on the number of common ancestors in the pedigree, the following types of inbreeding are distinguished:

simple – if a common ancestor appears once on both sides of the pedigree;

inbreeding on an inbred ancestor – if the common ancestor is inbred to the degree of II –I;

complex – when a common ancestor appears repeatedly on one or both sides of the pedigree;

comprehensive – when it is performed on not one, but two or more common ancestors.

The inbreeding coefficient depends on its degree.

Table 2 – Degrees and coefficients of inbreeding, %

Pedigree rows where the common ancestor is located

I – 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 Close inbreeding II 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 0.10

III 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 0.10 0.05

IV 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 Close

V 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01

VI 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 Moderate 0.01

VII 0.78 0.39 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01

VIII 0.39 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 Remote 0.01

IX 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01

If inbreeding is complex, the coefficients are summed up.

Task 5. Study the level of minimum selection indicators for cows of various dairy breeds for the bull-producing group. Table 3 – Minimum requirements for cows of the bull-producing group

Ayrshire 3 520 85 less than 100 8500 4.2 3.6

Black-and-White 3 560 85 less than 100 9300 4.0 3.3

3 560 85 less than 100 9000 4.0 3.3 Kuban type Red-and-White

Holstein 3 580 85 less than 100 10000 4.0 3.2

Task 6. Using the data from Appendix 1 to Topic 2, select cows for the bull-producing group according to the variant. Enter the data into Table 4.

Table 4 – List of cows for forming the bull-producing group in the herd

Name Cow name, Productivity, Yield for Content

Breed No. inv. No. father cow, line affiliation lactation, in milk, %

Task 7. Draw up a plan for assigning bull sires to cows.

Methodology. Select bull sires for cows selected for the bull-producing group (Appendix 1, 2).

Requirements: within-line selection, moderate or remote relationship between cows and bull sires. Present the selection plan in the form of Table 5.

Table 5 – Plan for individual selection of cows for the bull-producing group No. Characteristics of cows and bull sires

Degree No. Name, Affili- Name, Affili- of relation-

Breed inv. No. ation inv. No. ation ship with

of bull to line of bull to line the father

Student's date and signature Instructor's date and signature

List and indicators of cows for selection

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1, 10, 20 Ayrsh. Galka 8141 7 87 528 96 8610 4.3 3.6 Piers 0353

Holst. Milaya 5492 4 86 588 94 10150 4.1 3.3 Yug 8053

Black-P. Grusha 1564 6 90 569 95 9500 4.0 3.3 Patrol 55859

Pavlina 8992 5 88 564 73 10080 4.0 3.3 Jeep 3527

Ayrsh. Nerpa 133 3 83 532 69 8700 4.4 3.7 Sakritipan 36147

2, 11, 21 Ayrsh. Zharkaya 1027 3 86 537 61 8800 4.2 3.6 Gobol 2804

Holst. Emka 8204 5 89 597 79 11070 4.0 3.2 Pilot 4037

Black-P. Milka 1804 4 88 570 77 9800 4.1 3.4 Parol 284

KSt Kuban Dina 1427 6 80 562 83 10500 4.1 3.3 Ervin 15214

Ayrsh. Girya 2694 1 85 528 76 8500 4.2 3.6 Patron 916/16

3, 12, 22 Ayrsh. Chayka 27150 3 87 524 96 8700 4.3 3.7 Kuparin 26/101

Holst. Ruchnaya 2650 4 89 599 93 10950 4.1 3.3 Yunker 1438

Black-P. Platina 2096 5 90 574 72 9400 4.0 3.3 Patrol 558593

Alfa 2056 1 85 567 64 10200 4.0 3.2 Kulon 1237

Continuation of Appendix 1 to Topic 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ayrsh. Chayka 27150 3 87 524 96 8700 4.3 3.7 Kuparin 26/101

Holst. Ruchnaya 2650 4 89 599 93 10950 4.1 3.3 Yunker 1438

Black-P. Platina 2096 5 90 574 72 9400 4.0 3.3 Patrol 558593

Alfa 2056 1 85 567 64 10200 4.0 3.2 Kulon 1237

Ayrsh. Vernaya 2095 2 89 525 62 8750 4.2 3.7 Piers 0353

Holst. Rossiya 2446 4 90 595 76 10900 4.1 3.4 Yantar 75/9155

Black-P. Inga 2630 5 87 570 42 9600 4.1 3.4 Parol 284

KSt Kuban Gordaya 2725 6 88 563 44 10500 4.1 3.3 Madan 7101

Holst. Talaya 22840 3 84 589 65 11070 4.0 3.3 Elton 14147

Ayrsh. Zima 2485 4 85 528 24 8850 4.3 3.8 Sakritanan 36147

Holst. Anemiya 2423 3 90 587 42 10200 4.1 3.2 Yug 8053

Black-P. Milka 2609 1 82 560 68 9700 4.2 3.3 Parol 284

Dikaya 2615 3 81 568 73 10800 4.0 3.3 Parus 2036

KS Kuban Mechta 2412 5 89 562 92 11050 4.1 3.3 Jeron 0101

Ayrsh. Marta 2462 1 85 532 48 8790 4.2 3.8 Tobol 2804

Holst. Rybka 2433 3 90 598 63 11800 4.2 3.4 Pilot 4037

Black-P. Milaya 1810 5 89 574 76 9500 4.1 3.3 Patrol 558599

Vesna 4718 4 86 566 96 10070 4.0 3.3 Jeep 3527

Zima 2916 6 87 562 98 10060 4.1 3.4 Ervin 15214

Continuation of Appendix 1 to Topic 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ayrsh. Norka 2428 3 84 522 44 8680 4.4 3.8 Patrol 916/16

Holst. Burya 2090 6 89 590 62 10990 4.1 3.3 Elton 14147

Black-P. Pala 2653 1 87 588 78 9700 4.0 3.3 Parol 284

Litva 2533 4 88 568 88 11000 4.1 3.3 Jiron 0101

Black-P. Tikhaya 2078 5 90 568 90 9800 4.1 3.5 Patrol 558593

8, 17, 27,19 Ayrsh. Yanka 2640 3 90 524 46 8720 4.3 3.7 Kuparin 26/161

Holst. Gayka 2730 4 86 592 72 11150 4.1 3.3 Yug 8053

Black-P. Groza 2664 3 87 562 56 9600 4.2 3.4 Parol 284

Black-P Talaya 2049 1 88 560 70 9500 4.1 3.3 Patrol 558593

Ayrsh. Zayka 20210 4 87 527 46 8690 4.4 3.8 Piers 0353

Holst. Skromnaya 2033 1 87 593 72 10050 4.0 3.2 Pilot 4037

Black-P. Milaya 2059 3 89 560 53 9350 4.0 3.3 Parol 284

Sivaya 2062 4 82 578 78 10070 4.0 3.2 Parus 2036

Holst. Soroka 2109 5 87 588 92 10070 4.1 3.3 Yunker 1438

Appendix 2 to Topic 2 – Characteristics of bull sires recommended for assignment to cows of the bull-producing group Name, Date, Breed Line Pedigree Productivity bull No. birth Category mother mother

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

King Laska 2573 530796AA Lenivets 27.07.1990. Ayr-

Erranti gr. B2 4-8465-4.2A 5-79761451 Mos.reg. shire

Ayr-549.6Caucasus 54 Erranti B1 826825

Yar.reg. shire 8 119-4.79-

URKHO Kuma 431 Kumach 11.01.2001. Ayr-714580

Yar.reg. shire 4-8042-4.9

Yuttero Dacha 320 Sivash 23.06.2002. Ayr-631

Yar.reg. shire 3-8006-

Likhtinga Solsi 450 lest Unikum Ayr-

Finlan gr.DA1 11118-4.61237536A FL 684 shire dia 120135 3.6 10383-4.3-

GomitinKnyaz V.A.BekLed 5672 2259029

Novokut.rskaya pied – 1183 697789 1436-4.479818-4.82-

Gomitin899 Kolos V.A.BekLed 23575

Bryuskaya pied – 9530-6.374689 697789 8317-5.20-

GomitinVisBek Massiya Beti Pan NL 20.09.2005.

6.23-3.49 4.09-3.34

4.4-3.56 4.12-3.62

GomitinVis Bek Yante 119 Grist 386 Yanko NL 12.02.2004.

Continuation of Appendix 2 to Topic 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

GomitinReflection Red Motiv 1086 kub.reg. 0198998 13277-4.0-

Bless NL Yaklass GomitinReflection S.Yakova 15

NL piedSoveringa A1 NL 254

4.15-3.54 3.12

GomitinVis Bek US Titanic 18.03.2005 10593274 black-and-white

Aideal A2 14734618 19513 Holland 16636 1013415 11698-3.4-

Continuation of Appendix 2 to Topic 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4.79-3.89 4.33-3.39

5.13-3.55 4.9-3.3

5.37-3.83 4.9-3.3

4.29-3.50 3.43

GomitinBukhta 405 Ataman Traidzhun ta 1498

Volos.reg. black-and-white – 2-9878398 Rokita 1-6676 4.28-3.28

GomitinVishnya 14 Bukhta 405 Atlet 5.11.2006 Traidzhun black-and-white 4.5-3.4 4.28-3.28

Continuation of Appendix 2 to Topic 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Domest

Red Gr.Hannibala 7558

Latvia steppe 4776 3-8134KRN3-7011-5.75

Red Gr.Cirrusa 4855 13144/0027 441 KRNA1

Ukraine steppe 16497 3-89499448-4.6

Erika 3819 Red Gr.Cirrusa 1146

Krasnod. – 2288182 KRNsteppe 16497 4-6437territory 5-9156-5.37 2960 4.35

L.Vis Back Password ChernoLIP10930744

8953-3,894,62-3,4

2.85 Legion Lenata 893 P.B.M.Gin

Leningr. Chshtitna – LIPpestraia 3-100182-11540-

2482 3.76-2.7 3.8-3.0

Leningr. Soveringa – LIPpestraia 3-108522-11666-

2493 3.77-3.11 3.6-3.5