Design and operation features of ploughs for reversible ploughing

Smooth ploughing is performed without the formation of ridges and dead furrows. A leveled soil surface significantly facilitates all subsequent technological operations. As a result, the operating speed of machinery increases, and losses during harvesting are reduced.

• Yield increase — by 5–10 %
• Increase in machine productivity — by 10–15 %
• Working width of the PNO-4-30 plough — 120 cm
• Working width of the PIP-3-35 plough — 105 cm

Design features and operation of ploughs for smooth ploughing

The PNO-4-30 mounted reversible plough is designed for shuttle operation without dividing the field into plots. The implement is equipped with a symmetrical frame, which is rotated 180° relative to the longitudinal horizontal axis by a hydraulic cylinder. Left- and right-turning bodies (three or four pairs) are installed in pairs on the frame, equipped with jointers, wings, and vertical coulters. Tillage depth is adjusted by changing the position of the support wheel using bolts.

The direction of furrow slice turnover is regulated by the tractor's hydraulic system:

• When oil is supplied to the upper chamber of the hydraulic cylinder, the piston rod lowers, moving the right-turning bodies into the lower (working) position and the left-turning ones into the upper position.
• When oil is supplied to the lower (rod-side) chamber, the piston rod rises, moving the left-turning bodies into the working position.

The PIP-3-35 pivot plough is equipped with symmetrical mouldboard bodies rigidly fixed to a pivoting beam. The design of each body includes a standard, a share, and a cylindrical mouldboard with wings fixed on both sides for cutting the rhombic soil slice. The working width of one body is 35 cm. The beam is pivotally connected to the frame and is fixed by a hydraulic cylinder in position 1 or 2 for turning the slice to the left or right.

Depending on the selected operating mode, the position of the unit's wheels changes:

• During left-hand turnover, the left wheels of the tractor and plough move along the bottom of the furrow, and the right wheels move on the unploughed field.
• During right-hand turnover, the wheel positions are reversed.

Ploughing with the PIP-3-35 is performed in a shuttle manner. The depth of tillage up to 27 cm is regulated by rotating the mechanism screw. The plough frame rests on a crossbar, which has left and right wheels with vertical adjustment mechanisms.

Front-mounted ploughs are used for smooth ploughing of cohesive soddy soils. They ensure complete turnover of the slice by 180° with the soil laid into its own furrows. Mounted on the frame are counter-directed left- and right-turning main bodies, an auxiliary body, as well as a central and side disc coulters. The main body includes a standard, a share, and a helical mouldboard, while the auxiliary one includes a standard, a share, and two helical surfaces.