Fundamentals of production program planning in crop and livestock production

The crop production development program includes the development of the following main forms: production and production cost, demand for seed for sowing, and the use of mineral and organic fertilizers.

Sown areas for crops are determined in the following order: 1) the composition of agricultural land is specified and its use is justified; 2) crops are placed in introduced or being developed crop rotation schemes, taking into account predecessors and the adopted crop rotation, after which a summary table of crop placement in crop rotation schemes is compiled and total sown areas are determined; 3) planned crop yield is justified based on indicators of average (as more stable) yield over the last 5 years using various planning methods; 4) the possible output of gross production is calculated based on sown areas in crop rotation fields and planned yield; 5) the total farm demand for crop production is determined; 6) the surplus (or deficit) of production by crops or crop groups is identified by comparing possible crop production with demand; 7) sown areas for individual crops are specified based on the data obtained; 8) a balance of arable land is drawn up, and sown areas and their placement in crop rotation fields for the planned year are finally specified.

The coordination of crop production and livestock sectors is carried out through forage production, which allows establishing realistic crop production balances, specifying volumes of its sales, expenses for feed, seed, processing, etc.

The crop production development program concludes with the calculation of production costs, which is carried out in accordance with the Methodological Recommendations on Planning, Accounting, and Calculation of Production Costs (Works, Services) in Agriculture.

Planning in livestock farming begins with determining the monthly composition and structure of the herd by species, age-sex groups, and breeds of livestock, as well as the procedure for replacing and increasing the number of livestock in the herd through replenishment with its own replacement stock and (or) by purchasing livestock from external sources.

Based on the annual herd turnover plan, which ensures the necessary volume of production for sale and (or) the maintenance of a stable herd structure or a specified increase (decrease) in the number of livestock in each group, a calculation is made of the monthly number of livestock and the volume of output, taking into account the expected productivity of the herd under certain conditions of housing and feeding. The annual herd turnover data form the basis for calculating livestock feed requirements, the number of workers, the payroll fund in livestock farming, and the cost of livestock products.

Feed requirements are calculated for each livestock sector by age-sex groups of animals based on justified feeding standards per head. The farm must produce sufficient volumes of various types of feed.

When developing a production program in livestock farming, for example in dairy farming, the following are determined sequentially: 1) average annual number of cows, 2) offspring output (heads, in live weight, centners), 3) productivity of cows, 4) gross milk yield, 5) output of by-products, 6) distribution of main products within the enterprise (for feed, payment in kind, etc.) and through sales channels, 7) value of the products created in dairy farming.

The production program for auxiliary and service facilities (for example, a repair shop) is compiled based on the crop and livestock production programs and allows determining the farm's energy demand and developing a system of technical maintenance and repair, which includes: break-in of machines, technical maintenance, periodic technical inspection, repair of machines, machine storage, and requires corresponding costs (spare parts, wages of workers, depreciation of buildings and equipment, etc.), which are included in the estimate of total shop costs and the planned production cost estimate broken down by quarters and months.

The production program of industrial units includes accounting for processing capacities, the quantity of products arriving for processing, utilization of production capacities, etc., by months and quarters of the planned year.