Risks of spreading drug-resistant bacteria from livestock

Experts note that cattle, sheep, goats and chicks are capable of carrying resistant strains in their intestines without visible signs of disease. Improper use of antibiotics in livestock production promotes the survival and spread of such microorganisms. According to experts, the excessive use of products for prevention, metaphylaxis and growth promotion creates a selective pressure under which sensitive bacteria die while resistant ones multiply.

The organisms are excreted with livestock animal waste and contaminate water, soil and food products. Transmission to humans is possible through contact as well as due to poor hygiene during slaughter and meat processing. Infection can cause diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever and blood in the stool, and in severe cases — bloodstream infections, dehydration, acute renal failure, death, or damage to the brain, nerves, liver and kidneys.

The World Health Organization indicates that such organisms complicate the treatment of infections. Within the framework of Nigeria's Second National Action Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance for 2024–2028, resistance of bacteria of the genera Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Campylobacter to more than 50 drugs was recorded. At the same time, a meta-analysis showed that 10.9% of bacteria in animal health studies were multidrug-resistant, and 2.3% were extensively drug-resistant.

Experts recommend that farmers improve farm management, maintain hygiene, biosecurity and vaccinate livestock animals, avoiding the use of antibiotics for growth promotion or prevention. The need to consult with veterinarians and strictly observe the withdrawal period of drugs before selling meat, milk and eggs is also emphasized.