Features of artificial insemination and breeding of dairy cows

To ensure a continuous supply of milk, dairy cows are bred regularly, aiming for a calving interval of approximately 12–13 months, which means giving birth to a calf about once a year. The basis of this process is understanding the reproductive cycle of the livestock animal and accurately determining the heat period («heat»). To detect this period, farmers use visual observation, special collars or color-changing patches, and activity monitors. In addition, hormones that synchronize estrus can be used to manage the breeding of a group of animals.

The main method of fertilization is artificial insemination, which allows improving herd genetics and reducing the risks of disease transmission. When properly performed by a qualified specialist, the procedure does not cause pain. The average conception success rate with this method ranges from 40% to 60% per service, with the result influenced by the animal's health, seed quality, and technique. Along with this, natural breeding is still practiced on small or organic farms.

Various technologies and approaches are applied to work with the offspring. The use of sexed semen allows producing more heifers necessary for dairy production. The embryo transfer method makes it possible to more rapidly propagate the offspring of outstanding cows. Breeding work is based on the selection of bulls and cows with high indicators of milk productivity, udder health, fertility, and disease resistance.

The gestation period of a calf in a dairy cow is about 283 days (approximately 9 months). If fertilization does not occur, this affects milk yield, and an attempt is made to inseminate the animal again during the next heat cycle. In case of constant failures, the farmer may cull the cow. New technologies in the industry include genomic testing, automated heat detection systems, and in vitro fertilization (IVF).