Methods of harvest protection from birds: from visual means to technologies

Birds can cause serious damage to agriculture by eating seed, damaging fruit and maturing crops, which can lead to significant economic losses up to the destruction of the harvest. Effective management of this threat requires finding balanced and environmentally responsible solutions.

Crop protection practices employ visual deterrents based on the natural fear of birds toward predators or unfamiliar objects, as well as acoustic repellers. Physical barriers include netting, which effectively protects various crops, although it can be more expensive and labor-intensive. In addition, chemical repellents containing substances like capsaicin or methyl anthranilate, which are safe for humans and the environment, are used.

Modern technologies offer new approaches, including laser deterrent systems that create a moving light pattern perceived by birds as a physical threat, and drones equipped with cameras and loudspeakers for targeted monitoring and intervention. Propane cannons are also used for deterrence, but over time birds can get used to the sounds, just as they do with static visual deterrents.

The most effective strategy is recognized to be an integrated approach within integrated pest management (IPM), which combines prevention, monitoring, and a combination of various methods. To combat pests, it is also important to prevent them from nesting on utility buildings by cutting off access to buildings and destroying nests. The exact choice of strategy depends on the region, bird species (such as starlings, thrushes, pigeons, crows, and finches), and the crops being grown.